FCL (Full Container Load) means you exclusively use an entire shipping container for your goods, providing greater security and faster transit. LCL (Less than Container Load) involves sharing container space with other shipments, which is more economical for smaller volumes but may have longer transit times due to consolidation and deconsolidation.

Shipping costs are typically calculated based on several factors including weight, volume (dimensional weight), distance, mode of transport, fuel surcharges, seasonality, special handling requirements, insurance, and accessorial services. For ocean freight, rates are often based on container size or cubic meters, while air freight typically uses the greater of actual or volumetric weight.

Essential documents for international shipping include commercial invoice, packing list, bill of lading (sea) or air waybill (air), certificate of origin, inspection certificates, dangerous goods declaration (if applicable), and insurance certificate. Depending on the country and product, additional permits, licenses, or certificates may be required.

Incoterms (International Commercial Terms) are standardized trade terms that define the responsibilities, costs, and risks between buyers and sellers in international transactions. They specify who arranges transport, insurance, customs clearance, and who bears the risk during various stages of shipment. Common Incoterms include EXW, FOB, CIF, DDP, and others.

Australian customs clearance involves lodging an import declaration, paying applicable duties and taxes, and ensuring compliance with import regulations. Goods may be subject to inspection by the Australian Border Force or Department of Agriculture. A licensed customs broker can facilitate this process by preparing and submitting required documentation.

A Bill of Lading (B/L) is a legal document issued by a carrier to a shipper that details the type, quantity, and destination of goods being transported. It serves as a receipt of shipment, contract of carriage, and document of title, allowing the consignee to take possession of the goods upon delivery.

Certain goods require special permits due to their nature, including food, plants, animals, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, weapons, and intellectual property-protected items. Research the specific import/export regulations of both origin and destination countries or consult with a customs broker to determine permit requirements for your products.

Demurrage refers to charges applied when containers remain at ports or terminals beyond the allowed free time. To avoid demurrage, ensure efficient document processing, arrange prompt customs clearance, coordinate timely container pickup/return, and maintain clear communication with all supply chain partners.

Cargo insurance can be arranged through your freight forwarder, insurance broker, or directly with insurance providers. It's recommended to obtain All-Risk coverage that protects against physical loss or damage from external causes. The cost is typically calculated as a percentage of the shipment's value plus freight costs.

A freight forwarder arranges and coordinates shipments on behalf of shippers, providing services like documentation, customs clearance, and logistics planning without owning the transport vessels. A carrier is the company that physically transports goods using their own vehicles, vessels, or aircraft (e.g., shipping lines, airlines, trucking companies).